ABSTRACT
The pathogenesis of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is still unclear.Although OAB is defined as " overactive bladder" , the lesion is not confined to the bladder, studies have been showed that urethral instability (URI) can also induce symptom of OAB.The author has observed 146 children with OAB and found that URI is one of the causes of OAB, and also has a significant effect on the treatment of OAB.Recently, the role of URI played in OAB has gradually been emphasized, however, the research of URI is still controversial.At present, the first-line treatment of OAB is mainly anticholinergic drugs for the detrusor overactivity, and lack of diagnosis and related treatment mea-sures in urethral dysfunction.The updated progress of URI in children with OAB were summarized in this review.
ABSTRACT
The pathogenesis of overactive bladder syndrome (OAB) is still unclear.Although OAB is defined as "overactive bladder",the lesion is not confined to the bladder,studies have been showed that urethral instability (URI) can also induce symptom of OAB.The author has observed 146 children with OAB and found that URI is one of the causes of OAB,and also has a significant effect on the treatment of OAB.Recently,the role of URI played in OAB has gradually been emphasized,however,the research of URI is still controversial.At present,the first-line treatment of OAB is mainly anticholinergic drugs for the detrusor overactivity,and lack of diagnosis and related treatment measures in urethral dysfunction.The updated progress of URI in children with OAB were summarized in this review.
ABSTRACT
Overactive bladder(OAB) is a clinical syndrome which mainly defined by urinary urgency,and it is mainly diagnosed by clinical manifestations.The pathophysiological mechanisms include detrusor overactive,urethral instability and other neurological or psychiatric factors.Obviously,the dysfunction of detrusor and urethral sphincter can not be diagnosed accurately that consequently affects the treatment significantly by clinical symptoms.Recently,the urodynamic evaluation is recommended for more precise diagnose of OAB.In addition,it has been reported that urinary nerve growth factor and autonomic nervous system function could be used to diagnose OAB in children.The updated techniques diagnosis of OAB in children are summarized in this review.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the current situation and existing problems of healthcare-associated infection (HAI)management in primary medical institutions in Henan Province.Methods 36 primary medical institutions in 18 regions were investigated with random sampling method,development of HAI management in primary medical institutions before and after 2013 were compared.Results Among 36 primary medical institutions,31 (86.11 %) had cleaning,disinfection,sterilization,and isolation systems,13 (36.11 %)implemented HAI monitoring system, 31 (86.11 %)performed regular training on hand hygiene knowledge,6 (16.67%)allocated antimicrobial manage-ment professionals.The development rates in HAI management group,hand hygiene system,training on related knowledge among staff,HAI monitoring,and antimicrobial management in 36 primary medical institutions before 2013 were all lower than those after 2013 (41 .67% VS 75.00%;2.78% VS 30.56%;22.22% VS 69.44%;5.56%VS 33.33%;25.00% VS 66.67%,all P <0.05).Conclusion HAI management level in primary medical institu-tions has improved than before,but deficiencies still exists and needs further improvement.
ABSTRACT
Objective To investigate the current situation of healthcare-associated infection(HAI)organization management systems in primary medical institutions.Methods 95 primary medical institutions in 5 provinces (au-tonomous regions,municipalities)in China were investigated.Results Of 95 primary medical institutions,82 (86.32%)established HAI management groups,65 (68.42%)set up antimicrobial management departments,87 (91.58%)assigned professionals for antimicrobial management.Before 2010,only 26 antimicrobial management departments were set up,which increased to 65(68.42%)in 2015.Hospitals established rules and regulations on medical waste management (n=93,97.89%),disinfection and sterilization(n = 87,91.58%),disposable sterile medical device (n=87,91.58%),HAI prevention and control measures (n=79,83.16%),occupational health and safety protection for health care workers(n=76,80.00%),outbreak reporting system (n=73,76.84%),hand hygiene (n=69,72.63%),and monitoring on HAI (n=56,58.95%).Conclusion Current situation of HAI or-ganization management systems in primary medical institutions needs to be improved,health administrative depart-ments should strengthen supervision to improve the level of HAI prevention and control.